Suffixes

Verbal Suffixes

Verbs inflect for tense and evidentiality. The two tenses are non-past (NP) and past. The evidentiality distinctions are firsthand (FH) for evidence personally seen, sensed, or done, non-firsthand (NFH) for evidence not seen, sensed, or done, and a zero evidentiality form for imperative, interrogative, and various subordinate clauses. Furthermore, negative verbs never take FH evidentiality, only NFH or zero.

Verbal suffixes express tense and evidentiality. Verbs ending in -i have -i become -e before adding a suffix. Verbs ending in -u have -u become -o before adding a suffix. Verbs ending in -a have -a become -o before -do only.

Certain tenses/evidentialities are associated with certain formats. For example, NP.NFH is typically used for legends and myths, while NP.FH may be used in recounting something that happened to oneself.

Nominal Suffixes

Rational nouns have a plural suffix -na. While this suffix is present in all rational noun plurals, its effect on the stem is irregular.

List of Suffixes

  • da [SUF] -NP.FH
  • do [SUF] -NP.NFH
  • na [SUF] -PL
  • ta [SUF] -P.FH
  • te [SUF] -P
  • to [SUF] -P.NFH

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